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Foreword

Bree was created to give you fine-grained control with simplicity, and has built-in support for workers, sandboxed processes, graceful reloading, cron jobs, dates, human-friendly time representations, and much more.

We recommend you to query a persistent database in your jobs, to prevent specific operations from running more than once.

Bree does not force you to use an additional database layer of Redis or MongoDB to manage job state.

In doing so, you should manage boolean job states yourself using queries. For instance, if you have to send a welcome email to users, only send a welcome email to users that do not have a Date value set yet for welcome_email_sent_at.

Install

npm:

npm install bree

yarn:

yarn add bree

Upgrading

To see details about upgrading from the last major version, please see UPGRADING.md.

IMPORTANT: Bree v9.0.0 has several breaking changes, please see UPGRADING.md for more insight.

NOTE: Bree v6.5.0 is the last version to support Node v10 and browsers.

Usage and Examples

The example below assumes that you have a directory jobs in the root of the directory from which you run this example. For example, if the example below is at /path/to/script.js, then /path/to/jobs/ must also exist as a directory. If you wish to disable this feature, then pass root: false as an option.

Inside this jobs directory are individual scripts which are run using Workers per optional timeouts, and additionally, an optional interval or cron expression. The example below contains comments, which help to clarify how this works.

The option jobs passed to a new instance of Bree (as shown below) is an Array. It contains values which can either be a String (name of a job in the jobs directory, which is run on boot) OR it can be an Object with name, path, timeout, and interval properties. If you do not supply a path, then the path is created using the root directory (defaults to jobs) in combination with the name. If you do not supply values for timeout and/nor interval, then these values are defaulted to 0 (which is the default for both, see index.js for more insight into configurable default options).

We have also documented all Instance Options and Job Options in this README below. Be sure to read those sections so you have a complete understanding of how Bree works.

ECMAScript modules (ESM)

// app.mjs

import Bree from 'bree';

const bree = new Bree({
  // ... (see below) ...
});

// top-level await supported in Node v14.8+
await bree.start();

// ... (see below) ...

Please reference the #CommonJS example below for more insight and options.

CommonJS (CJS)

// app.js

const path = require('path');

// optional
const ms = require('ms');
const dayjs = require('dayjs');
const Graceful = require('@ladjs/graceful');
const Cabin = require('cabin');

// required
const Bree = require('bree');

//
// NOTE: see the "Instance Options" section below in this README
// for the complete list of options and their defaults
//
const bree = new Bree({
  //
  // NOTE: by default the `logger` is set to `console`
  // however we recommend you to use CabinJS as it
  // will automatically add application and worker metadata
  // to your log output, and also masks sensitive data for you
  // <https://cabinjs.com>
  //
  // NOTE: You can also pass `false` as `logger: false` to disable logging
  //
  logger: new Cabin(),

  //
  // NOTE: instead of passing this Array as an option
  // you can create a `./jobs/index.js` file, exporting
  // this exact same array as `module.exports = [ ... ]`
  // doing so will allow you to keep your job configuration and the jobs
  // themselves all in the same folder and very organized
  //
  // See the "Job Options" section below in this README
  // for the complete list of job options and configurations
  //
  jobs: [
    // runs `./jobs/foo.js` on start
    'foo',

    // runs `./jobs/foo-bar.js` on start
    {
      name: 'foo-bar'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/some-other-path.js` on start
    {
      name: 'beep',
      path: path.join(__dirname, 'jobs', 'some-other-path')
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-1.js` on the last day of the month
    {
      name: 'worker-1',
      interval: 'on the last day of the month'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-2.js` every other day
    {
      name: 'worker-2',
      interval: 'every 2 days'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-3.js` at 10:15am and 5:15pm every day except on Tuesday
    {
      name: 'worker-3',
      interval: 'at 10:15 am also at 5:15pm except on Tuesday'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-4.js` at 10:15am every weekday
    {
      name: 'worker-4',
      cron: '15 10 ? * *',
      cronValidate: {
        override: {
          useBlankDay: true
        }
      }
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-5.js` on after 10 minutes have elapsed
    {
      name: 'worker-5',
      timeout: '10m'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-6.js` after 1 minute and every 5 minutes thereafter
    {
      name: 'worker-6',
      timeout: '1m',
      interval: '5m'
      // this is unnecessary but shows you can pass a Number (ms)
      // interval: ms('5m')
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-7.js` after 3 days and 4 hours
    {
      name: 'worker-7',
      // this example uses `human-interval` parsing
      timeout: '3 days and 4 hours'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-8.js` at midnight (once)
    {
      name: 'worker-8',
      timeout: 'at 12:00 am'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-9.js` every day at midnight
    {
      name: 'worker-9',
      interval: 'at 12:00 am'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-10.js` at midnight on the 1st of every month
    {
      name: 'worker-10',
      cron: '0 0 1 * *'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-11.js` at midnight on the last day of month
    {
      name: 'worker-11',
      cron: '0 0 L * *',
      cronValidate: {
        useLastDayOfMonth: true
      }
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-12.js` at a specific Date (e.g. in 3 days)
    {
      name: 'worker-12',
      // <https://github.com/iamkun/dayjs>
      date: dayjs().add(3, 'days').toDate()
      // you can also use momentjs
      // <https://momentjs.com/>
      // date: moment('1/1/20', 'M/D/YY').toDate()
      // you can pass Date instances (if it's in the past it will not get run)
      // date: new Date()
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-13.js` on start and every 2 minutes
    {
      name: 'worker-13',
      interval: '2m'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-14.js` on start with custom `new Worker` options (see below)
    {
      name: 'worker-14',
      // <https://nodejs.org/api/worker_threads.html#worker_threads_new_worker_filename_options>
      worker: {
        workerData: {
          foo: 'bar',
          beep: 'boop'
        }
      }
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-15.js` **NOT** on start, but every 2 minutes
    {
      name: 'worker-15',
      timeout: false, // <-- specify `false` here to prevent default timeout (e.g. on start)
      interval: '2m'
    },

    // runs `./jobs/worker-16.js` on January 1st, 2022
    // and at midnight on the 1st of every month thereafter
    {
      name: 'worker-16',
      date: dayjs('1-1-2022', 'M-D-YYYY').toDate(),
      cron: '0 0 1 * *'
    }
  ]
});

// handle graceful reloads, pm2 support, and events like SIGHUP, SIGINT, etc.
const graceful = new Graceful({ brees: [bree] });
graceful.listen();

// start all jobs (this is the equivalent of reloading a crontab):
(async () => {
  await bree.start();
})();

/*
// start only a specific job:
(async () => {
  await bree.start('foo');
})();

// stop all jobs
bree.stop();

// stop only a specific job:
bree.stop('beep');

// run all jobs (this does not abide by timeout/interval/cron and spawns workers immediately)
bree.run();

// run a specific job (...)
bree.run('beep');

(async () => {
  // add a job array after initialization:
  const added = await bree.add(['boop']); // will return array of added jobs
  // this must then be started using one of the above methods

  // add a job after initialization:
  await bree.add('boop');
  // this must then be started using one of the above methods
})();


// remove a job after initialization:
bree.remove('boop');
*/

For more examples - including setting up bree with TypeScript, ESModules, and implementing an Email Queue, see the examples folder.

For a more complete demo using express see: Bree Express Demo

Instance Options

Here is the full list of options and their defaults. See src/index.js for more insight if necessary.

Job Options

See Interval, Timeout, Date, and Cron Validate below for more insight besides this table:

Job Interval and Timeout Values

These values can include Number, Object, and String variable types:

• Number values indicates the number of milliseconds for the timeout or interval
• Object values must be a later schedule object value (e.g. later.parse.cron('15 10 * * ? *')))
• String values can be either a later, human-interval, or ms String values (e.g. later supports Strings such as every 5 mins, human-interval supports Strings such as 3 days and 4 hours, and ms supports Strings such as 4h for four hours)

Listening for events

Bree extends from EventEmitter and emits two events:

• worker created with an argument of name
• worker deleted with an argument of name

If you'd like to know when your workers are created (or deleted), you can do so through this example:

bree.on('worker created', (name) => {
  console.log('worker created', name);
  console.log(bree.workers.get(name));
});

bree.on('worker deleted', (name) => {
  console.log('worker deleted', name);
  console.log(!bree.worker.has(name));
});

Custom error/message handling

If you'd like to override default behavior for worker error/message handling, provide a callback function as errorHandler or workerMessageHandler parameter when creating a Bree instance.

NOTE: Any console.log calls, from within the worker, will not be sent to stdout/stderr until the main thread is available. Furthermore, any console.log calls, from within the worker, will not be sent if the process is terminated before the message is printed. You should use parentPort.postMessage() alongside errorHandler or workerMessageHandler to print to stdout/stderr during worker execution. This is a known bug for workers.

An example use-case. If you want to call an external service to record an error (like Honeybadger, Sentry, etc.) along with logging the error internally. You can do so with:

const logger = ('../path/to/logger');
const errorService = ('../path/to/error-service');

new Bree({
  jobs: [
    {
      name: 'job that sometimes throws errors',
      path: jobFunction
    }
  ],
  errorHandler: (error, workerMetadata) => {
    // workerMetadata will be populated with extended worker information only if
    // Bree instance is initialized with parameter `workerMetadata: true`
    if (workerMetadata.threadId) {
      logger.info(`There was an error while running a worker ${workerMetadata.name} with thread ID: ${workerMetadata.threadId}`)
    } else {
      logger.info(`There was an error while running a worker ${workerMetadata.name}`)
    }

    logger.error(error);
    errorService.captureException(error);
  }
});

Cancellation, Retries, Stalled Jobs, and Graceful Reloading

We recommend that you listen for "cancel" event in your worker paths. Doing so will allow you to handle graceful cancellation of jobs. For example, you could use p-cancelable

Here's a quick example of how to do that (e.g. ./jobs/some-worker.js):

// <https://nodejs.org/api/worker_threads.html>
const { parentPort } = require('worker_threads');

// ...

function cancel() {
  // do cleanup here
  // (if you're using @ladjs/graceful, the max time this can run by default is 5s)

  // send a message to the parent that we're ready to terminate
  // (you could do `process.exit(0)` or `process.exit(1)` instead if desired
  // but this is a bit of a cleaner approach for worker termination
  if (parentPort) parentPort.postMessage('cancelled');
  else process.exit(0);
}

if (parentPort)
  parentPort.once('message', message => {
    if (message === 'cancel') return cancel();
  });

If you'd like jobs to retry, simply wrap your usage of promises with p-retry.

We leave it up to you to have as much fine-grained control as you wish.

See @ladjs/graceful for more insight into how this package works.

Interval, Timeout, Date, and Cron Validation

If you need help writing cron expressions, you can reference crontab.guru.

We support later, human-interval, or ms String values for both timeout and interval.

If you pass a cron property, then it is validated against cron-validate.

You can pass a Date as the date property, but you cannot combine both date and timeout.

If you do pass a Date, then it is only run if it is in the future.

See Job Interval and Timeout Values above for more insight.

Writing jobs with Promises and async-await

If jobs are running with Node pre-v14.8.0, which enables top-level async-await support, here is the working alternative:

const { parentPort } = require('worker_threads');

const delay = require('delay');
const ms = require('ms');

(async () => {
  // wait for a promise to finish
  await delay(ms('10s'));

  // signal to parent that the job is done
  if (parentPort) parentPort.postMessage('done');
  else process.exit(0);
})();

Callbacks, Done, and Completion States

To close out the worker and signal that it is done, you can simply parentPort.postMessage('done'); and/or process.exit(0).

While writing your jobs (which will run in worker threads), you should do one of the following:

• Signal to the main thread that the process has completed by sending a "done" message (per the example above in Writing jobs with Promises and async-await)
• Exit the process if there is NOT an error with code 0 (e.g. process.exit(0);)
• Throw an error if an error occurs (this will bubble up to the worker event error listener and terminate it)
• Exit the process if there IS an error with code 1 (e.g. process.exit(1))

Long-running jobs

If a job is already running, a new worker thread will not be spawned, instead logger.error will be invoked with an error message (no error will be thrown, don't worry). This is to prevent bad practices from being used. If you need something to be run more than one time, then make the job itself run the task multiple times. This approach gives you more fine-grained control.

By default, workers run indefinitely and are not closed until they exit (e.g. via process.exit(0) or process.exit(1), OR send to the parent port a "close" message, which will subsequently call worker.close() to close the worker thread.

If you wish to specify a maximum time (in milliseconds) that a worker can run, then pass closeWorkerAfterMs (Number) either as a default option when creating a new Bree() instance (e.g. new Bree({ closeWorkerAfterMs: ms('10s') })) or on a per-job configuration, e.g. { name: 'beep', closeWorkerAfterMs: ms('5m') }.

As of v6.0.0 when you pass closeWorkerAfterMs, the timer will start once the worker is signaled as "online" (as opposed to previous versions which did not take this into account).

Complex timeouts and intervals

Since we use later, you can pass an instance of later.parse.recur, later.parse.cron, or later.parse.text as the timeout or interval property values (e.g. if you need to construct something manually).

You can also use dayjs to construct dates (e.g. from now or a certain date) to millisecond differences using dayjs().diff(new Date(), 'milliseconds'). You would then pass that returned Number value as timeout or interval as needed.

Custom Worker Options

You can pass a default worker configuration object as new Bree({ worker: { ... } });.

These options are passed to the options argument when we internally invoke new Worker(path, options).

Additionally, you can pass custom worker options on a per-job basis through a worker property Object on the job definition.

See complete documentation for options (but you usually don't have to modify these).

Using functions for jobs

It is highly recommended to use files instead of functions. However, sometimes it is necessary to use functions.

You can pass a function to be run as a job:

new Bree({ jobs: [someFunction] });

(or)

new Bree({
  jobs: [
    {
      name: 'job with function',
      path: someFunction
    }
  ]
});

The function will be run as if it's in its own file, therefore no variables or dependencies will be shared from the local context by default.

You should be able to pass data via worker.workerData (see Custom Worker Options).

Note that you cannot pass a built-in nor bound function.

Typescript and Usage with Bundlers

When working with a bundler or a tool that transpiles your code in some form or another, we recommend that your bundler is set up in a way that transforms both your application code and your jobs. Because your jobs are in their own files and are run in their own separate threads, they will not be part of your applications dependency graph and need to be setup as their own entry points. You need to ensure you have configured your tool to bundle your jobs into a jobs folder and keep them properly relative to your entry point folder.

We recommend setting the root instance options to path.join(__dirname,'jobs') so that bree searches for your jobs folder relative to the file being ran. (by default it searches for jobs relative to where node is invoked). We recommend treating each job as an entry point and running all jobs through the same transformations as your app code.

After an example transformation - you should expect the output in your dist folder to look like:

- dist
  |-jobs
    |-job.js
  |-index.js

For some example TypeScript set ups - see the examples folder.

For another alternative also see the @breejs/ts-worker plugin.

Concurrency

We recommend using the following packages in your workers for handling concurrency:

• https://github.com/sindresorhus/p-all
• https://github.com/sindresorhus/p-limit
• https://github.com/sindresorhus/p-queue
• https://github.com/sindresorhus/p-map

Plugins

Plugins can be added to Bree using a similar method to Day.js

To add a plugin use the following method:

Bree.extend(plugin, options);

Available Plugins

• API
• TypeScript Worker

Creating plugins for Bree

Plugins should be a function that recieves an options object and the Bree class:

  const plugin = (options, Bree) => {
    /* plugin logic */
  };

Real-world usage

More detailed examples can be found in Forward Email, Lad, and Ghost.